亲爱的网友们，相信很多人对一些著名科学家的英文名字拼写和俄罗斯的门捷列夫的相关介绍《科都不是特别了解，因此今天我来为大家分享一些关于一些著名科学家的英文名字拼写和俄罗斯的门捷列夫的相关介绍《科的知识，希望能够帮助大家解决这些问题。
本文目录一览
一些著名科学家的英文名字拼写
赫兹 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
门捷列夫 D．I．Mendeleev 1836-1907
约翰内斯·开普勒 Johannes Kepler
居里夫人 Marie Curie
孟德尔 Groegor Mendel
薛定锷 E.Schrodinger
弗朗西斯·哈里·康普顿·克里克 Francis Harry Compton Crick
原子核的裂变atomic nucleus fission
俄罗斯的门捷列夫的相关介绍《科学》
德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫，19世纪俄国化学家，他发现了元素周期律，（但是真正第一位发现元素周期律的是纽兰兹，门捷列夫是后来经过总结，改进得出现在使用的元素周期律的），并就此发表了世界上第一份元素周期表。1907年2月2日，这位享有世界盛誉的俄国化学家因心肌梗塞与世长辞，那一天距离他的73岁生日只有六天。他的名著、伴随着元素周期律而诞生的《化学原理》，在十九世纪后期和二十世纪初，被国际化学界公认为标准著作，前后共出了八版，影响了一代又一代的化学家。
中文名德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫
外文名Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев
国 籍俄国
出生地俄国西伯利亚
出生日期1834年（甲午年）2月7日
逝世日期1907年（乙未年）2月2日
职 业科学家
毕业院校圣彼得堡高等师范学校
主要成就发现元素周期律
代表作品《化学原理》
血 型O型
生平简介
门捷列夫（Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев）1834年2月7日出生于西伯利亚托博尔斯克，1907年2月2日卒于彼得堡。1848年入彼得堡专科学校，1850年入彼得堡师范学院学习化学，1855年取得教师资格，并获金质奖章，毕业后任敖德萨中学教师。1856年获化学高等学位，1857年首次取得大学职位，任彼得堡大学副教授。1859年他到德国海德堡大学深造。1860年参加了在卡尔斯鲁厄召开的国际化学家代表大会。1861年回彼得堡从事科学著述工作。1863年任工艺学院教授，1864年，门捷列夫任技术专科学校化学教授，1865年获化学博士学位。1866年任彼得堡大学普通化学教授，1867年任化学教研室主任。1893年起，任度量衡局局长。1890年当选为英国皇家学会外国会员。1907年2月2日，这位享有世界盛誉的俄国化学家因心肌梗塞在圣彼得堡（旧称列宁格勒）与世长辞，终年73岁。为纪念这位伟大的科学家，1955年，由美国的乔索（A.Gniorso）、哈维（B.G.Harvey）、肖邦（G.R.Choppin）等人，在加速器中用氦核轰击锿（253Es），锿与氦核相结合，发射出一个中子，而获得了新的元素，便以门捷列夫（Mendeleyev）的名字命名为钔Mendelevium(Md)
研究领域
1、化学，特别是无机化学、物理化学
2、门捷列夫除了发现元素周期律外，还研究过气体定律、气象学、石油工业、农业化学、无烟火药、度量衡，由于他的辛勤劳动，在这些领域都不同程度地做出了成绩。
最大贡献
门捷列夫肖像画(2张)
门捷列夫对化学这一学科发展最大贡献在于发现了化学元素周期律。他在批判地继承前人工作的基础上，对大量实验事实进行了订正、分析和概括，总结出这样一条规律：元素（以及由它所形成的单质和化合物）的性质随着原子量（现根据国家标准称为相对原子质量）的递增而呈周期性的变化，既元素周期律。他根据元素周期律编制了第一个元素周期表，把已经发现的63种元素全部列入表里，从而初步完成了使元素系统化的任务。他还在表中留下空位，预言了类似硼、铝、硅的未知元素（门捷列夫叫它类硼、类铝和类硅，即以后发现的钪、镓、锗）的性质，并指出当时测定的某些元素原子量的数值有错误。而他在周期表中也没有机械地完全按照原子量数值的顺序排列。若干年后，他的预言都得到了证实。门捷列夫工作的成功，引起了科学界的震动。人们为了纪念他的功绩，就把元素周期律和周期表称为门捷列夫元素周期律和门捷列夫元素周期表。
发现过程
元素周期表发现过程。
各式元素周期表(12张)
攀登科学高峰的路，是一条艰苦而又曲折的路。门捷列夫在这条路上，也是吃尽了苦头。当他担任化学副教授以后，负责讲授《化学基础》课。在理论化学里应该指出自然界到底有多少元素？元素之间有什么异同和存在什么内部联系？新的元素应该怎样去发现？这些问题，当时的化学界正处在探索阶段。近五十多年来，各国的化学家们，为了打开这秘密的大门，进行了顽强的努力。虽然有些化学家如德贝莱纳和纽兰兹在一定深度和不同角度客观地叙述了元素间的某些联系，但由于他们没有把所有元素作为整体来概括，所以没有找到元素的正确分类原则。年轻的学者门捷列夫也毫无畏惧地冲进了这个领域，开始了艰难的探索工作。
他不分昼夜地研究着，探求元素的化学特性和它们的一般的原子特性，然后将每个元素记在一张小纸卡上。他企图在元素全部的复杂的特性里，捕捉元素的共同性。但他的研究，一次又一次地失败了。可他不屈服，不灰心，坚持干下去。
门捷列夫和他的元素周期表
为了彻底解决这个问题，他又走出实验室，开始出外考察和整理收集资料。1859年，他去德国海德尔堡进行科学深造。两年中，他集中精力研究了物理化学，使他探索元素间内在联系的基础更扎实了。1862年，他对巴库油田进行了考察，对液体进行了深入研究，重测了一些元素的原子量，使他对元素的特性有了深刻的了解。1867年，他借应邀参加在法国举行的世界工业展览俄罗斯陈列馆工作的机会，参观和考察了法国、德国、比利时的许多化工厂、实验室，大开眼界，丰富了知识。这些实践活动，不仅增长了他认识自然的才干，而且对他发现元素周期律，奠定了雄厚的基础。门捷列夫又返回实验室，继续研究他的纸卡。他把重新测定过的原子量的元素，按照原子量的大小依次排列起来。他发现性质相似的元素，它们的原子量并不相近；相反，有些性质不同的元素，它们的原子量反而相近。他紧紧抓住元素的原子量与性质之间的相互关系，不停地研究着。他的脑子因过度紧张，而经常昏眩。但是，他的心血并没有白费，在1869年2月19日，他终于发现了元素周期律。他的周期律说明：简单物体的性质，以及元素化合物的形式和性质，都和元素原子量的大小有周期性的依赖关系。门捷列夫在排列元素表的过程中，又大胆指出，当时一些公认的原子量不准确。如那时金的原子量公认为169.2，按此在元素表中，金应排在锇、铱、铂的前面，因为它们被公认的原子量分别为198.6、196.7、196.7，而门捷列夫坚定地认为金应排列在这三种元素的后面，原子量都应重新测定。大家重测的结果，锇为190.9、铱为193.1、铂为195.2，而金是197.2。实践证实了门捷列夫的论断，也证明了周期律的正确性。
元素周期表
在门捷列夫编制的周期表中，还留有很多空格，这些空格应由尚未发现的元素来填满。门捷列夫从理论上计算出这些尚未发现的元素的最重要性质，断定它们介于邻近元素的性质之间。例如，在锌与砷之间的两个空格中，他预言这两个未知元素的性质分别为类铝和类硅。就在他预言后的四年，法国化学家布阿勃朗用光谱分析法，从门锌矿中发现了镓。实验证明，镓的性质非常像铝，也就是门捷列夫预言的类铝。镓的发现，具有重大的意义，它充分说明元素周期律是自然界的一条客观规律；为以后元素的研究，新元素的探索，新物资、新材料的寻找，提供了一个可遵循的规律。元素周期律像重炮一样，在世界上空轰响了！
肖像画(2张)
门捷列夫发现了元素周期律，在世界上留下了不朽的光荣，人们给他以很高的评价。恩格斯在《自然辩证法》一书中曾经指出。“门捷列夫不自觉地应用黑格尔的量转化为质的规律，完成了科学上的一个勋业，这个勋业可以和勒维烈计算尚未知道的行星海王星的轨道的勋业居于同等地位。”由于时代的局限性，门捷列夫的元素周期律并不是完整无缺的。1894年，稀有气体氩的发现，对周期律是一次考验和补充。1913年，英国物理学家莫塞莱在研究各种元素的伦琴射线波长与原子序数的关系后，证实原子序数在数量上等于原子核所带的阳电荷，进而明确作为周期律的基础不是原子量而是原子序数。在周期律指导下产生的原于结构学说，不仅赋予元素周期律以新的说明，并且进一步阐明了周期律的本质，把周期律这一自然法则放在更严格更科学的基础上。元素周期律经过后人的不断完善和发展，在人们认识自然，改造自然，征服自然的斗争中，发挥着越来越大的作用。
门捷列夫生平有哪些简介
德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫1834年1月生于西伯利亚，在有十七个子女的庞大家庭中，门捷列夫排行十四。他出生刚数月，父亲便因双目失明而丢掉了中学校长的职务。微薄的退休金难以维持生计，父亲不得已举家搬进了附近的一个村子，在那里的一个小型玻璃厂工作。玻璃厂里面熔炼和加工的场景，对日后门捷列夫从事化学研究产生了很大的影响。在母亲的帮助下门捷列夫于1854年大学毕业，并荣获学院的金质奖章，23岁成为副教授，31岁成为教授。
科技创造未来名人名言
一、工业与真正的科学，两者互相依存，互相促进。这种联系是有好处的??如果真正的科学以自我意识来鼓舞和加强人民的独创才能，那么推广和壮大起来的工业就能够使人民各方面的独创才能得到发展。
出自：〔俄〕门捷列夫，引自《科学名言集》
介绍：德米特里·伊万诺维奇·门捷列夫（俄语：Дми́трийИва́новичМенделе́ев，1834年2月7日—1907年2月2日），俄国科学家。
二、如果我在顺便研究过的一些学科中作出了一点成绩，那就要归功于我出生的时代在自然界的重大发明上比任何其它时代都更丰富。
出自：〔德〕歌德《歌德谈话录》
介绍：约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德（JohannWolfgangvonGoethe，1749年8月28日—1832年3月22日），出生于美因河畔法兰克福，德国著名思想家、作家、科学家，他是魏玛的古典主义最著名的代表。
门捷列夫的全英文简介
Dmitri Mendeleev
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dimitri Mendeleev (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев, Dimitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev listen (help·info)) (8 February 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
Life
Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia on February 8, 1834,
Mendeleev was the youngest child of 17 siblings. after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother’s factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.
In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family relocated to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After he graduated, an illness that was diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1857.
Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. In 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. Mendeleev became Professor of Chemistry at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and the University of St. Petersburg in 1863 he achieved tenure in 1867, and by 1871 had transformed St. Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation “On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol“. In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least 7 years before lawful re-marriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and a pair of twins from Anna.
Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, he resigned from St. Petersburg University on August 17, 1890.
In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. His fascination with molecular weights led him to conclude that to be in perfect molecular balance, vodka should be produced in the ratio of one molecule of ethyl alcohol diluted with five molecules of water, giving a dilution by volume of approximately 38% alcohol to 62% water. As a result of his work, in 1894 new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume.
Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia.
Mendeleev died in 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia from influenza. The Mendeleev crater on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him.
Periodic table
One form of Mendeleev’s periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
One form of Mendeleev’s periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to create his Periodic Table.
Unknown to Mendeleev, several other scientists had also been working on their own tables of elements. One was John Newlands, who published his Law of Octaves in 1865. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Like Newlands, Meyer did not seem to have the idea of using a table to predict new elements. In contrast to Newlands’ methodical approach to creating a table, Mendeleev’s was almost accidental and emerged gradually.
As a better understanding of atomic mass was developed and better data became available, Mendeleev made for himself the following table:
Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40
Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88
I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137
By adding additional elements following this pattern, he developed his version of the periodic table.
On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that
1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
2. Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.
7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9).
8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.
Only a few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleev’s accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon (germanium), ekaaluminium (gallium) and ekaboron (scandium) qualifies him for deserving the majority of the credit for studies.
As others before him had done, he questioned the accuracy of accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law. He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the correct order, assuming that the accepted atomic weights at the time were incorrect. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table, the actinides, which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass.
Initially, Mendeleev was derided for there being gaps in the table. Ultimately though, he was vindicated when previously unknown elements (notably scandium, gallium and germanium) were discovered that filled in these holes and possessed properties (atomic weight, density, melting point, etc.) close to what Mendeleev predicted.
Henry Moseley would later help put the periodic table on the correct basis of atom number rather than atomic weight.
Other achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev has characterized him as “a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy.“ Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.
Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.
Mendeleev Medal
Mendeleev Medal
In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac’s law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while as far back as 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews’ conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.
Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.
He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.
Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded that hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth. He wrote: “The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin.“ (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)
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